cervical epithelial cell line hela  (ATCC)

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: IFN-I exacerbates the inflammatory response of epithelial cells to Chlamydia trachomatis infection by enhancing TLR3 expression

doi: 10.64898/2025.12.08.692940

Figure Lengend Snippet: IFNβ enhances the inflammatory response of epithelial cells to C. trachomatis infection. (A) Primary cervical epithelial cells were incubated with IFNβ for 24 h, or with C. trachomatis for 40 h in the absence or presence of IFNβ. The expression of inflammatory cytokines IL6 were detected by quantitative PCR. IL6 transcript was measured by real-time RT-qPCR and normalized to actin transcript following the 2 -ΔΔCt method. The data are presented as relative mRNA levels compared to uninfected cells, five independent experiments are show, each measurement is done in triplicate, and the dots represent different individuals. The insert with paired data displays the IL6 transcripts in infected cells with or without IFNβ treatment. (B-C) HeLa cells were incubated with IFNβ and/or C. trachomatis for 24 h prior to adding brefeldin A for 6 h. After the treatment, the intracellular level of IL6 was measured by flow cytometry using anti-human IL6-PC7 antibody. The histograms are from one representative experiment (B) and the quantification from 4 experiments is presented as the violin plot (C). P-values of Student’s paired t-test are shown when significant (** for p-value < 0.01).

Article Snippet: The human cervical epithelial cell line HeLa was from ATCC (Virginia, USA).

Techniques: Infection, Incubation, Expressing, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative RT-PCR, Flow Cytometry

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: IFN-I exacerbates the inflammatory response of epithelial cells to Chlamydia trachomatis infection by enhancing TLR3 expression

doi: 10.64898/2025.12.08.692940

Figure Lengend Snippet: TLR3 mediates the synergy process between IFNβ and C. trachomatis. (A) Primary cervical epithelial cells were incubated with IFNβ and/or C. trachomatis . Twenty-four hours later, the expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) was measured by real-time RT-qPCR and normalized to actin transcript following the 2 -ΔΔCt method. The data are presented as relative mRNA levels compared to untreated cells and shown as the mean±SE with individual values of three independent experiments. Each experiment was conducted in technical triplicates and each dot represented the data obtained with cells isolated from one individual. P-values of Student’s unpaired t-test are shown (*** for p < 0.001, **** for p <0.0001). (B) siRNA was incubated with HeLa cells for 24 h before treatment with IFNβ and/or C. trachomatis . Brefeldin A was added 24 hpi for 6 h. Intracellular IL6 protein was measured by flow cytometry using anti-human IL6-PC7 antibody. Data from 4 independent experiments are shown. P-values of Student’s unpaired t-test are shown (* for p < 0.05). (C) TLR3-KO cells or parental HeLa cells were infected with C. trachomatis in the presence or absence of IFNβ for 30 h before measuring intracellular IL6 levels by flow cytometry. The histograms are from one representative experiment and the quantification of five independent experiments is presented as mean±SE (right panel). P-values of Student’s unpaired t-test are shown (* for p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The human cervical epithelial cell line HeLa was from ATCC (Virginia, USA).

Techniques: Incubation, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Isolation, Flow Cytometry, Infection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: IFN-I exacerbates the inflammatory response of epithelial cells to Chlamydia trachomatis infection by enhancing TLR3 expression

doi: 10.64898/2025.12.08.692940

Figure Lengend Snippet: PI3K/AKT-mTOR but not STAT1 signaling pathways downstream of IFN-I are implicated in the synergy between IFN-I and C. trachomatis . (A) HeLa cells were incubated with IFNβ and/or C. trachomatis for 24 h followed by the detection of activation and expression of STAT1 via immunoblot. The results are representatives of three independent experiments. (B) siRNA against STAT1 or irrelevant oligonucleotides were transfected into HeLa cells for 24 h prior to incubation with IFNβ alone (left graph) or with IFNβ and C. trachomatis (right graph). The transcriptional level of STAT1 (left graph) was measured by real-time RT-qPCR and normalized to actin transcript following the 2 -ΔΔCt method. The data are presented as relative mRNA levels compared to untreated cells and shown as the mean±SE with individual values of three experiments. P-value of Student’s unpaired t-test is shown (* for p < 0.05). Intracellular IL6 protein (right panel) was determined by flow cytometry using anti-human IL6-PC7 antibody. The results of four independent experiments are shown. C-D) HeLa cells were pre-incubated with wortmannin (5 μM) (C) or SB203580 (10 μM) (D) for 1 h. Cells were then treated with IFNβ and/or C. trachomatis for 24 h in the presence of these inhibitors prior to brefeldin A addition for 6 h. Intracellular IL6 expression was analyzed by flow cytometry using anti-human IL6-PC7 antibody. The histograms are the representatives of two (C) or four experiments (D), respectively. The results of the four independent experiments are shown as a violin plot in (D), with p-value of a Student’s unpaired t-test (* for p< 0.05). (E) Same as in D using mTOR inhibitors, rapamycin and torin1 (1 μM). The results of five independent experiments and p-value of a Student’s unpaired t-test are shown (* for p< 0.05). (F) HeLa cells were treated with pharmacological inhibitors (upper panels) or transfected with siRNA (lower panel) as described above, followed by IFNβ and/or C. trachomatis treatment for 24 h. TLR3 transcripts was measured by rea-time RT-qPCR as above. Data from three independent experiments and p-values of Student’s unpaired t-test are shown (* p< 0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 and **** p<0.0001). (G) The cells were incubated with SB203580 (10 μM) for 1 h before addition of IFNβ for 30 min. Phosphorylation of mTOR, AKT and p38 was detected by immunoblot. The results are representatives of three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: The human cervical epithelial cell line HeLa was from ATCC (Virginia, USA).

Techniques: Protein-Protein interactions, Incubation, Activation Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Transfection, Quantitative RT-PCR, Flow Cytometry, Phospho-proteomics

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: IFN-I exacerbates the inflammatory response of epithelial cells to Chlamydia trachomatis infection by enhancing TLR3 expression

doi: 10.64898/2025.12.08.692940

Figure Lengend Snippet: TLR3 modulates the host inflammatory response to the infection by through Erk-ATF2. (A) HeLa cells were treated with IFNβ and/or C. trachomatis for 24 h. The activation of Erk and its expression were determined by immunoblot using anti-phosphorylated Erk and anti-Erk antibodies, respectively. The blots are representatives of 3 experiments. (B) The cells were pre-treated with U0126 at the indicated concentrations. One hour later, HeLa cells were infected with C. trachomatis for 24 h still in the presence of U0126, followed by the detection of Erk phosphorylation as in (A). (C) After one-hour pre-treatment with U0126 (10 μM), HeLa cells were incubated with IFNβ and/or C. trachomatis for 24 h in the presence of U0126, prior to adding brefeldin A for 6 h. Intracellular levels of IL6 were measured by flow cytometry using anti-human IL6-PC7 antibody. The results of four independent experiments and p-value of a Student’s unpaired t-test are shown (* p< 0.05, ** p<0.01). (D) HeLa cells were transfected with control siRNA or siRNA (final concentration 30 nM) against human TLR3 for 24 h before C. trachomatis infection for additional 24 h. The activation and expression of Erk was determined as in A. The blots are representative of three experiments. (E) HeLa WT cells and TLR3-KO clone were infected with C. trachomatis for 24 h before determining Erk activation and expression. The data are representatives of 3 experiments. (F) siRNA against c-Fos (upper panel), c-Jun (middle panel), ATF2 (bottom panel), or irrelevant oligonucleotides were transfected into HeLa cells for 24 h prior to incubation with IFNβ and/or C. trachomatis for 24 h. Intracellular levels of IL6 were measured as in (C). The results of three or four independent experiments and p-value of a Student’s unpaired t-test are shown (* p< 0.05, ** p<0.01) (G) Graphical summary created by BioRender.

Article Snippet: The human cervical epithelial cell line HeLa was from ATCC (Virginia, USA).

Techniques: Infection, Activation Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Phospho-proteomics, Incubation, Flow Cytometry, Transfection, Control, Concentration Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: IFN-I exacerbates the inflammatory response of epithelial cells to Chlamydia trachomatis infection by enhancing TLR3 expression

doi: 10.64898/2025.12.08.692940

Figure Lengend Snippet: dsRNA accumulates in Chlamydia -infected cells. (A) HeLa cells were infected with mCherry-expressing bacteria (MOI=0.3) for 30 h, followed by fixation and immunostaining. DNA was stained with HOECHST 33342 (grey), the inclusion membrane was labeled with an antibody against the bacterial protein Cap1 (red) and the dsRNA was stained with J2 antibody (green). The mCherry signal is displayed in blue. In the lower panels the cells were incubated with RNAse-III for 30 min before immunostaining. The images are representatives of three independent experiments. (B) dsRNA fluorescence intensity in the cytoplasm of infected or non-infected cells was quantified as described in the Methods section and the p-value of a Student’s unpaired t-test is shown (* p< 0.05).

Article Snippet: The human cervical epithelial cell line HeLa was from ATCC (Virginia, USA).

Techniques: Infection, Expressing, Bacteria, Immunostaining, Staining, Membrane, Labeling, Incubation, Fluorescence

Journal: Virologica Sinica

Article Title: Ubiquitously expressed transcript isoform 2 (UXT-V2) restricts HSV-2 replication by targeting glycoprotein B for degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2025.08.004

Figure Lengend Snippet: UXT-V2 inhibits HSV-2 replication. A–C HeLa cells were transfected with different doses of empty vector or plasmids expressing His-UXT-V2 (0.2, 0.5 or 1 μg), followed by infection with HSV-2 at an MOI of 0.2 PFU/cell. At 12, 18, and 24 hpi, the cells were collected for qRT-PCR ( A ), Western blotting ( B ), and plaque assay ( C ). D UXT-V2 in sgControl and sgUXT-V2 HeLa cells was assessed by immunoblot analysis. E sgControl and sgUXT-V2 HeLa cells were cultured for 24 h. Cell proliferation was assessed using the CCK-8 cell counting assay. F–H WT and UXT-V2-KO HeLa cells were infected with HSV-2 at an MOI of 0.2 PFU/cell. At 12, 18, and 24 hpi, the cells were collected for qRT-PCR ( F ), Western blotting ( G ), and plaque assay ( H ). For graphs, data shown are mean ± SD of three independent experiments with each condition performed in triplicate (∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01; ∗∗∗ P < 0.001; ∗∗∗∗ P < 0.0001). For images, one representative experiment out of three is shown.

Article Snippet: Human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cell line, baby hamster kidney cell line BHK-21, African green monkey kidney cell line Vero and Vero E6, and human cervical epithelial cell line HeLa were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Expressing, Infection, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Plaque Assay, Cell Culture, CCK-8 Assay, Cell Counting

Journal: Virologica Sinica

Article Title: Ubiquitously expressed transcript isoform 2 (UXT-V2) restricts HSV-2 replication by targeting glycoprotein B for degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2025.08.004

Figure Lengend Snippet: UXT-V2 inhibits HSV-2 replication via NF-κB independent pathway. A ARPE-19 cells were transfected with an empty vector or different doses of plasmids expressing His-UXT-V1 (0.5 or 1 μg) or His-UXT-V2 (0.5 or 1 μg), followed by infection with HSV-2 at an MOI of 0.2 PFU/cell at 6 hpt for 18 h. The virus yields were measured by plaque assay. B HeLa cells were transfected with 0.3 μg PRD(III-I) 4 -Luc or NF-κB–Luc reporter plasmid along with 1.5 μg empty vector or 1.5 μg plasmid expressing His-UXT-V1 or His-UXT-V2, followed by infection with HSV-2 at an MOI of 0.2 PFU/cell at 6 hpt for 18 h. The luciferase activity was measured to determine the activation fold. HEK293T cells were transfected with 0.3 μg NF-κB-Luc reporter plasmid along with an empty vector or 1 μg plasmid expressing His-UXT-V2 for 24 h, followed by treatment with or without 10 ng/mL TNF-α for 6 h. Luciferase activity was measured to determine the activation fold. C HEK293T cells were transfected with 0.3 μg NF-κB-Luc reporter plasmid along with an empty vector or 1 μg plasmid expressing His-UXT-V2 for 24 h, followed by treatment with or without 10 ng/mL TNF-α for 6 h. Luciferase activity was measured to determine the activation fold. D BHK-21 cells were transfected with an empty vector or different doses of plasmids expressing His-UXT-V1 (0.5 or 2 μg) or His-UXT-V2 (0.5 or 2 μg), followed by infection with JEV at an MOI of 0.5 PFU/cell at 6 hpt. The supernatants and cells were harvested, and the virus yields were measured by plaque assay at 24 hpi. E BHK-21 cells were transfected with an empty vector or 1.5 μg plasmid expressing His-UXT-V2, followed by infection with JEV at an MOI of 0.5 PFU/cell at 6 hpt. The supernatants and cells were harvested, and the virus yields were measured by plaque assay at 8, 16, 24 and 36 hpi. F Vero E6 cells were transfected with an empty vector or different doses of plasmids expressing His-UXT-V1 (0.5 or 2 μg) or His-UXT-V2 (0.5 or 2 μg), followed by infection with ZIKV at an MOI of 0.5 PFU/cell at 6 hpt. The supernatants and cells were harvested and the virus yields were measured by plaque assay at 24 hpi. G Vero E6 cells were transfected with an empty vector or 1.5 μg plasmid expressing His-UXT-V2, followed by infection with ZIKV at an MOI of 0.5 PFU/cell at 6 hpt. The supernatants and cells were harvested, and the virus yields were measured by plaque assay at 8, 16, 24 and 36 hpi. H Vero E6 cells transfected with the control or the two UXT shRNAs, respectively, were infected with HSV-2 at an MOI of 0.2 PFU/cell for 24 h. The virus yields were measured by plaque assay. For graphs, data shown are mean ± SD of three independent experiments with each condition performed in triplicate (∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01; ∗∗∗ P < 0.001; ∗∗∗∗ P < 0.0001; ns, not significant). For images, one representative experiment out of three is shown.

Article Snippet: Human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cell line, baby hamster kidney cell line BHK-21, African green monkey kidney cell line Vero and Vero E6, and human cervical epithelial cell line HeLa were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Expressing, Infection, Virus, Plaque Assay, Luciferase, Activity Assay, Activation Assay, Control

Journal: Virologica Sinica

Article Title: Ubiquitously expressed transcript isoform 2 (UXT-V2) restricts HSV-2 replication by targeting glycoprotein B for degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2025.08.004

Figure Lengend Snippet: UXT-V2 downregulates the expression of HSV-2 gB. A HSV-2 proteins fished out by LC-MS/MS analysis. Figure was created using ggplot2. B HEK293T cells were co-transfected with 2 μg empty vector or 2 μg His-UXT-V2 together with 2 μg plasmid expressing Flag-gB. At 24 hpi, cells were harvested and lysed, and the extracts were subjected to IP using the anti-Flag MAb or control IgG. C HeLa cells were infected with or without HSV-2 at an MOI of 0.2 PFU/cell. At 24 hpi, cells were harvested and lysed, and the extracts were subjected to IP using the anti-gB MAb. D HEK293T cells were co-transfected with 1.5 μg empty vector or 1.5 μg plasmid expressing His-UXT-V2 together with 0.5 μg plasmid expressing various Flag-tagged HSV-2 proteins for 24 h. The expression of Flag-tagged HSV-2 proteins were measured by Western blotting. E HEK293T cells were co-transfected with 1.5 μg empty vector or 1.5 μg plasmid expressing His-UXT-V2 together with 0.5 μg plasmid expressing Flag-gB for 12 or 18 h. Cells were harvested and the expression of Flag-gB was detected by Western blotting. F HEK293T cells were co-transfected with 1.5 μg empty vector or 1.5 μg plasmid expressing His-UXT-V1 or His-UXT-V2 together with 0.5 μg plasmid expressing Flag-gB for 12 or 18 h. Cells were harvested and the expression of Flag-gB was measured by Western blotting. G ARPE-19 cells were transfected with 60 nM NC or #4 (UXT-V2 siRNA), followed by transfection with an empty vector or different doses of plasmids expressing Flag-gB (0.5 or 2 μg) for 24 h. Cells were harvested and the expression of Flag-gB was detected by Western blotting. H HeLa cells were transfected with an empty vector or 2 μg plasmid expressing His-UXT-V2, followed by infection with HSV-2 at an MOI of 5 PFU/cell. At 6 or 8 hpi, cells were harvested, and the expression level of HSV-2 gB or gD was analyzed by Western blotting. I WT and UXT-V2-KO HeLa cells were infected with HSV-2 at an MOI of 5 PFU/cell. At 6 or 8 hpi, cells were harvested and the expression level of HSV-2 gB or gD was measured by Western blotting. J HeLa cells were co-transfected with an empty vector or different doses of plasmids expressing His-UXT-V2 (0.5 or 2 μg) together with 0.5 μg plasmid expressing Flag-gB, followed by infection with HSV-2 at an MOI of 0.2 PFU/cell at 6 hpt for 18 h. Virus yields were measured by plaque assay. The graph shows compensating efficiency of gB on HSV-2 yields. For graphs, data shown are mean ± SD of three independent experiments with each condition performed in triplicate (∗∗∗ P < 0.001; ∗∗∗∗ P < 0.0001; ns, not significant). For images, one representative experiment out of three is shown.

Article Snippet: Human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cell line, baby hamster kidney cell line BHK-21, African green monkey kidney cell line Vero and Vero E6, and human cervical epithelial cell line HeLa were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Expressing, Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Infection, Western Blot, Virus, Plaque Assay

Journal: Virologica Sinica

Article Title: Ubiquitously expressed transcript isoform 2 (UXT-V2) restricts HSV-2 replication by targeting glycoprotein B for degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2025.08.004

Figure Lengend Snippet: UXT-V2 promotes K48-linked polyubiquitination of HSV-2 gB. A HEK293T cells were co-transfected with 0.5 μg empty vector or different doses of plasmids expressing His-UXT-V2 (0.2, 0.5 or 1.5 μg) together with 0.5 μg plasmid expressing HA-Ub. At 24 hpt, the expression of His-UXT-V2 and ubiquitinated cellular proteins was detected by Western blotting. B HEK293T cells were transfected with 0.5 μg empty vector or different doses of plasmids expressing His-UXT-V2 (0.2, 0.5 or 1.5 μg). At 24 hpt, the expression of His-UXT-V2 and ubiquitinated cellular proteins was detected by Western blotting. C HEK293T cells were co-transfected with 5 μg empty vector or 5 μg plasmid expressing His-UXT-V2 together with 4 μg plasmid expressing Flag-gB for 24 h. Cells were immunoprecipitated with the anti-Flag MAb. D HEK293T cells were co-transfected with 2 μg empty vector or 2 μg plasmid expressing His-UXT-V2 together with 2 μg plasmid expressing Flag-gB and 2 μg plasmid expressing HA-Ub, HA-K48 or HA-K63 for 24 h. Cells were immunoprecipitated with the indicated antibodies. E HeLa cells were co-transfected with 2 μg empty vector or 2 μg plasmid expressing His-UXT-V2 together with 2 μg plasmid expressing HA-Ub, HA-K48 or HA-K63, followed by infection with HSV-2 at an MOI of 2 PFU/cell at 6 hpt for 18 h. Cells were immunoprecipitated with the indicated antibodies. For images, one representative experiment out of three is shown.

Article Snippet: Human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cell line, baby hamster kidney cell line BHK-21, African green monkey kidney cell line Vero and Vero E6, and human cervical epithelial cell line HeLa were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Expressing, Western Blot, Immunoprecipitation, Infection

Journal: Virologica Sinica

Article Title: Ubiquitously expressed transcript isoform 2 (UXT-V2) restricts HSV-2 replication by targeting glycoprotein B for degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2025.08.004

Figure Lengend Snippet: UXT-V2 facilitates TRIM21-dependent proteasomal degradation of gB. A E3 ubiquitin ligases fished out by LC-MS/MS analysis. Figure was created using ggplot2. B HEK293T cells were co-transfected either with 2 μg empty vector or 2 μg HA-TRIM21 expression plasmid, along with 2 μg plasmid expressing Flag-gB. At 24 hpt, cells were harvested and lysed, followed by IP using the anti-Flag MAb or control IgG. C The expression of TRIM21 in sgControl and sgTRIM21 HeLa cells was assessed by immunoblot analysis. D HeLa or TRIM21-KO HeLa cells were co-transfected with either 2 μg empty vector or 2 μg plasmid expressing His-UXT-V2, along with 2 μg plasmid expressing Flag-gB and 2 μg plasmid expressing HA-K48. At 24 hpt, cells were harvested and lysed, followed by IP using the anti-Flag Mab or control IgG. For images, one representative experiment out of three is shown.

Article Snippet: Human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cell line, baby hamster kidney cell line BHK-21, African green monkey kidney cell line Vero and Vero E6, and human cervical epithelial cell line HeLa were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Ubiquitin Proteomics, Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Expressing, Control, Western Blot

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Measure Sodium Transport in Cells with NMR

doi: 10.1101/2025.07.08.663659

Figure Lengend Snippet: The representative data sets of Na REXSY at t m = 2 ms (above) and the corresponding Q-Q plots (below) for ( a ) yeast cells, ( b ) HeLa cells, and ( c ) U-87 cells, respectively. In Q-Q plots, data points closer to a linear distribution indicate better normality. ( d ) The transport rate constant k ef , ( e ) The molar fraction of intracellular Na + ( f in ) and ( f ) The relaxation rate constants in in yeast group (n = 4), HeLa group (n = 5) and U-87 group (n = 5). The data were shown as mean ± s.e.m. * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, *** P <0.001. P values were calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). N.S., not significant.

Article Snippet: HeLa epithelial cervical cancer cell line and human U87 glioma cell line were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, USA).

Techniques: